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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Transformation01:33

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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
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Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Ultra-long Read Sequencing for Whole Genomic DNA Analysis
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Long-read sequencing for bacterial plasmid analysis: a brief overview.

Vincent van Almsick1,2, Annika Sobkowiak1,2, Vera Schwierzeck2

  • 1Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.

FEMS Microbiology Letters
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Long-read sequencing (LRS) revolutionizes bacterial genomics by enabling complete genome assembly and detailed analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) on plasmids. This technology is crucial for understanding AMR evolution and controlling infections.

Keywords:
antimicrobial resistancelong-read whole genome sequencingplasmidstyping

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial genomics
  • Genomic epidemiology
  • Antimicrobial resistance

Background:

  • Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has advanced microbial genomics since 1995.
  • Third-generation long-read sequencing (LRS) platforms overcome short-read sequencing limitations.
  • LRS provides long, continuous reads for high-resolution bacterial pathogen investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review LRS technology and its capabilities in microbial genomics.
  • To outline approaches and tools for analyzing bacterial plasmids using LRS.
  • To highlight LRS's role in understanding antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) dissemination.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing long-read sequencing (LRS) platforms (e.g., PacBio, Oxford Nanopore).
  • Performing accurate de novo genome assembly and resolving complex genomic regions.
  • Characterizing plasmids and mobile genetic elements harboring ARGs.

Main Results:

  • LRS facilitates precise characterization of ARGs, including their genomic architecture, localization, and copy number.
  • Complete genomic context of ARGs is revealed, essential for interpreting antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
  • LRS aids in understanding AMR evolution and dissemination via clonal expansion and horizontal gene transfer.

Conclusions:

  • LRS offers a reliable foundation for studying AMR evolution and spread.
  • Bioinformatics tools enhance LRS analysis for plasmid reconstruction, typing, and annotation.
  • LRS enables plasmid surveillance and tracing of ARG transmission across various settings.