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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid
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In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid

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Liquid Phase TEM of Diffusing Emulsion Droplets.

Maria A Vratsanos1, Evangelos Bakalis2, Chiwoo Park3

  • 1Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The origin of nanoparticle viscoelasticity remains unknown. Researchers used liquid phase TEM to observe emulsion droplet diffusion, revealing anomalous motion caused by fractal energy landscapes from surface interactions and electron beam effects.

Keywords:
dynamicsemulsionsin situ transmission electron microscopyrandom walks on fractals

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • The origin of viscoelastic behavior in nanoparticle diffusive motion is not well understood.
  • Observing these dynamics requires advanced techniques with high temporal and spatial resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and describe the anomalous diffusion of emulsion droplets.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms causing non-Brownian motion in nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • In situ observation of particle diffusion using liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • Analysis of anomalous (non-Brownian) sub- and super-diffusive motion.
  • Differentiation between fractional Brownian motion (fBm) and random walks on fractals (RWF) based on fractal dimension.

Main Results:

  • Observed anomalous diffusion in two types of emulsion droplets.
  • Demonstrated that droplet-surface interactions and electron beam fluence contribute to the observed dynamics.
  • Identified a fractal energy landscape as the cause of peculiar particle dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The study concludes that droplet-surface interactions and electron beam fluence create a fractal energy landscape.
  • This fractal landscape is responsible for the peculiar sub- and super-diffusive dynamics observed in nanoparticles.
  • The findings provide insights into the complex behavior of nanoparticles in solution.