Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology
Published on: September 28, 2022
Environmental Factors and School Lunch Participation Among Minnesota Secondary Students in the US
Gerit Wagner1, Lenora P Goodman2, Jamie Stang2
1Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN; Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.
Objective:
This cross-sectional study explored factors associated with school lunch participation with universal free meals.
Methods:
Fifty-nine foodservice authorities representing 103 Minnesota secondary schools provided survey data assessing lunch participation and school factors, including location, school enrollment, school type, free/reduced eligibility, open campus policies, eating time, lunch start times, foodservice production type, and Smarter Lunchrooms techniques. Generalized estimating equation regression assessed the relation between these factors and lunch participation.
Results:
Mean lunch participation rates were 53% for high schools, 63% for middle schools, and 65% for Jr/Sr high schools. Compared with conventional foodservice production systems, nonconventional systems were associated with a 16 percentage point lower participation (P < 0.01). No other factors were statistically associated with lunch participation.
Conclusions And Implications:
Foodservice production systems may be a key overlooked factor related to meal participation. Larger-scale research is needed to clarify the impact foodservice production systems have on meal participation.
Related Concept Videos
Student t Distribution
The Student t distribution was developed by William S. Goset (1876–1937) of the...
Microsoft Excel: Student's t-Test
To conduct a t-test in Excel, use the T.TEST function or the "Data...
Transcription Factors
Secondary Active Transport
Secondary Active Transport
Secondary Healthcare System

