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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Engineering Skeletal Muscle Tissues from Murine Myoblast Progenitor Cells and Application of Electrical Stimulation
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Mechanical Stimulation Drives Multicellular Synergy and Signaling Pathways in Developing Skeletal Tissues.

Qiao Guan1, Yuxiang Du1, Jun Zou1

  • 1School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exercise and mechanical loading during youth are vital for building strong bones. This review explores how physical activity influences bone cells and molecular pathways to promote peak bone mass and long-term skeletal health.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular and Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The growth period is critical for bone mass acquisition and skeletal development.
  • Growing bones are highly responsive to mechanical stimuli like exercise.
  • Understanding these influences is key for preventing future bone diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the effects of exercise and mechanical stimulation on bone development during the growth period.
  • To explore the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of mechanoregulation.
  • To provide insights for designing effective exercise programs for youth bone health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on bone development during the growth period.
  • Analysis of cellular responses (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteocytes).
  • Examination of key molecular signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, BMP/SMAD, PI3K/Akt, RANKL/OPG, MAPK).

Main Results:

  • Exercise and mechanical loading positively influence bone cell activity and differentiation.
  • Specific signaling pathways are modulated by physical activity, regulating bone formation and resorption.
  • These pathways are crucial for achieving peak bone mass and maintaining skeletal integrity.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise and mechanical stimuli are essential for optimizing bone development during youth.
  • Targeting specific signaling pathways through exercise can enhance bone health strategies.
  • Findings offer practical guidance for promoting lifelong bone health and reducing osteoporosis risk.