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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
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Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses
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Unified and Consistent Structure Growth Measurements from Joint ACT, SPT, and Planck CMB Lensing.

Frank J Qu1,2,3, Fei Ge1,2,4,5, W L Kimmy Wu1,5,6

  • 1Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Physical Review Letters
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Summary

We achieved the most precise cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing measurements to date, constraining the growth of structure and the Hubble constant. These findings align with the standard ΛCDM model, offering insights into neutrino mass.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Astrophysics
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) lensing provides a powerful probe of the growth of large-scale structure in the Universe.
  • Previous measurements have faced limitations in precision, necessitating combined analyses of multiple datasets.
  • Understanding the growth of structure is crucial for testing cosmological models like ΛCDM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive the tightest constraints on the growth of structure using combined CMB lensing data.
  • To measure key cosmological parameters, including the amplitude of matter fluctuations (S8) and the Hubble constant (H0).
  • To test the consistency of these measurements with the standard ΛCDM model and investigate implications for neutrino mass.

Main Methods:

  • Combined CMB lensing measurements from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), South Pole Telescope (SPT), and Planck.
  • Analyzed joint lensing band powers to obtain the most precise CMB lensing power spectrum measurement.
  • Incorporated Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) data and uncalibrated supernovae (Pantheon+) for improved parameter constraints.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a combined lensing signal-to-noise ratio of 61, yielding a precise measurement of A_{lens}^{recon}=1.025±0.017.
  • Obtained a 1.6% measurement of S_{8}^{CMBL} = 0.825 ± 0.015, improving to 1.1% (σ8 = 0.829 ± 0.009) with BAO data.
  • Presented a 4% sound-horizon-independent estimate of H0 = 66.4 ± 2.5 km/s/Mpc and drove upper limits on neutrino mass towards lower values.

Conclusions:

  • Joint CMB lensing constraints are consistent with the ΛCDM model, as supported by primary CMB data from Planck and ACT.
  • The combined analysis provides stringent constraints on cosmological parameters, enhancing our understanding of the Universe's evolution.
  • The study demonstrates the power of combining multiple cosmological probes for precise parameter estimation and model testing.