Inhibition of the NLRP3 pathway as a strategy for SLE therapy

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by widespread inflammation and multi-organ damage. Recent studies have identified the NLRP3 inflammasome as a pivotal mediator of SLE pathogenesis, contributing to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pyroptosis, and immune dysregulation. This review synthesizes current findings on the structural features and activation mechanisms of NLRP3, its tissue-specific expression patterns in SLE patients, and the roles of upstream regulators such as NEK7, P2X7, leading to Caspase-1-mediated maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18. We further discuss the downstream inflammatory cascades and pyroptotic pathways driven by NLRP3 activation, as well as emerging therapeutic strategies targeting this axis. Particular attention is given to small-molecule inhibitors and natural compounds with validated mechanisms of action, including their effects on oxidative stress, autophagy, and cytokine modulation. These insights provide a mechanistic foundation for future research and highlight the potential of NLRP3-targeted therapies in improving SLE management.