Analysis of the Connectivity of the Natura 2000 Network in Calabria (Southern Italy)

The Natura 2000 Network, established under the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, is an essential ecological framework for conserving habitats and species within their natural range. However, due to environmental changes, climate change, and human activities, habitats are increasingly fragmented and losing connectivity. To mitigate these negative effects on biodiversity and improve habitat quality, it is crucial to implement systems that promote connectivity and facilitate exchange between isolated natural areas. This research aimed to identify optimal pathways to enhance connectivity within the Natura 2000 Network. We used the Nature Map of the Calabria region as a case study to map least-cost paths using Linkage Mapper and applied Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) through the Guidos Toolbox software. The priority of ecological connectors was determined by evaluating the Landscape Conservation Index (ILC) and conducting a detailed habitat analysis. Based on ILC values and habitat significance, connectors and proposed conservation actions were classified into three categories: Restoration, Conservation and Restoration, and Conservation. The methodology developed in this study enabled the identification of pathways that enhance connectivity within the Natura 2000 Network and highlight areas of high ecological value. These results address the need to define connectivity areas (ecological corridors) that are essential for structuring a functional ecological network at the regional scale. This approach supports a broader interpretation of biodiversity conservation and contributes to reducing the loss of habitat and species. The proposed methodology can be effectively applied to the entire Natura 2000 Network across Europe.