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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Regulating Lithium Bond to Reduce Polysulfide Parasitic Reactivity for High-Stability Lithium Metal Anode.

Zheng Li1, Bo-Quan Li2, Li-Li Chen2

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Complex Solid State Batteries, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a weak cation interaction strategy to improve lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. This method uses ammonium cations to reduce parasitic reactions, enabling longer battery life and higher energy density for advanced energy storage.

Keywords:
lithium bondlithium polysulfidelithium–sulfur batteryparasitic reactionpouch cell

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries offer high energy density but suffer from rapid degradation.
  • Parasitic reactions between lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and lithium metal anodes cause cycling failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a weak cation interaction strategy for mitigating LiPS reactivity.
  • To enhance the cycling stability and energy density of Li-S batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Employing ammonium cations (NH4+) to interact with LiPSs, weakening their reactivity.
  • Regulating molecular-level interactions to suppress parasitic reactions with lithium metal anodes.

Main Results:

  • Prolonged lifespan of Li-S coin cells from 53 to 149 cycles under demanding conditions.
  • Achieved 502 Wh kg−1 initial energy density in an 8 Ah Li-S pouch cell with stable cycling.
  • Demonstrated suppression of detrimental parasitic reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Established a new weak cation interaction strategy based on lithium bond chemistry.
  • Provided a generalizable approach for developing long-cycling, high-energy-density Li-S batteries.