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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
Published on: July 4, 2018
Risk Factors for Pressure Injury in ICU Patients
Yang Chaonan1,2, Chaohui Ji2, Pan Huibin2
1Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, China.
Aim:
To investigate the specific risk factors associated with the development of hospital-acquired pressure injuries in critically ill patients.
Design:
A retrospective case-control study.
Methods:
Using evidence-based and Delphi methods, 36 potential risk factors for HAPI in critically ill patients were identified. Data were collected from non-COVID patients admitted to the ICU of Huzhou from January 2019 to December 2021. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify significant risk factors.
Results:
A total of 197 patients were included, with 53 (26.9%) developing HAPI. Univariate analysis indicated significant differences across 25 variables, including patient-specific factors, tissue tolerance and correlation scores. Multivariate analysis identified co-morbidities (OR = 3.16), a MEWS score ≥ 5 (OR = 5.83), use of sedative drugs (OR = 2.28), low Braden nutritional score (OR = 4.05), skin oedema (OR = 4.60) and faecal incontinence (OR = 13.17) as independent risk factors for HAPI in critically ill patients.
No Patient Or Public Contribution:
To mitigate HAPI risks, nursing staff should prioritise monitoring high-risk patients, perform comprehensive risk assessments and implement timely, targeted interventions to enhance patient care and reduce adverse events.
Trial Registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05564975.
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