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A dual-OECT array sensor for discriminating and detecting fluoroquinolone antibiotics using simplified electrode

Yong Xia1, Qi Wang2, Xu Wang1

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|January 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel dual-channel organic electrochemical transistor array for rapid and accurate detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs). The system effectively distinguishes and quantifies three FQs, offering a practical solution for portable sensing.

Keywords:
Carbon nanotubesFluoroquinolonesGold nanoparticlesOrganic electrochemical transistorsPrincipal component analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biosensing

Background:

  • Accurate detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) is critical but challenging due to structural similarities causing cross-reactivity.
  • Existing methods for FQ detection often suffer from low accuracy and complex fabrication processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified and highly accurate sensing platform for the discrimination and quantification of multiple FQs.
  • To design a flexible, low-cost electronic tongue system (ETS) for portable FQ detection.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based dual-channel organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) array on a polyimide substrate.
  • Modification of gate electrodes with Nafion/single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) composites with varying AuNP mass fractions.
  • Utilizing synergistic catalysis of SWCNTs and AuNPs for selective FQ detection.
  • Employing principal component analysis (PCA) for data analysis and quantification.

Main Results:

  • Achieved effective discrimination of three FQs (ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) using a simplified two-electrode modification strategy.
  • Quantified FQs over a wide concentration range (0.4–1000 μM) with low limits of detection (0.32–0.40 μM).
  • Demonstrated excellent selectivity, anti-interference capabilities, consistency, stability, and rapid response times.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PEDOT:PSS-based OECT array offers a practical and robust platform for portable fluoroquinolone antibiotic sensing.
  • The simplified fabrication and high performance make this system suitable for environmental and clinical applications.
  • This work advances the development of electronic tongue systems for complex mixture analysis.