Updates on Rhabdomyolysis: A Clinically Oriented Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Internal Medicine
• Musculoskeletal Disorders

Background:

• Rhabdomyolysis is a critical condition involving skeletal muscle breakdown and release of cellular contents into circulation.
• Manifestations include weakness, myalgias, myoglobinuria, and a significant risk of acute kidney injury (AKI).
• Accurate diagnosis and prompt management are essential for mitigating severe complications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an updated summary of current evidence on rhabdomyolysis.
• To cover epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies.
• To highlight essential knowledge for clinicians caring for hospitalized patients with rhabdomyolysis.

Main Methods:

• This is a clinically-oriented review synthesizing existing evidence.
• It examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of rhabdomyolysis.
• The review also covers the basics of management and diagnostic approaches.

Main Results:

• A definitive consensus definition for rhabdomyolysis is still lacking.
• The McMahon score aids in identifying high-risk patients.
• Current treatment focuses on electrolyte balance, fluid resuscitation, and dialysis; hyperosmolar therapy is debated.

Conclusions:

• Effective management requires careful electrolyte monitoring and fluid resuscitation.
• Further research, including RCTs, is needed to clarify the roles of hyperosmolar therapies and urine alkalinization.
• A comprehensive understanding of rhabdomyolysis is vital for optimal patient care.