Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Normal Stress

Normal Stress

Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
When a rod is under axial loading, the internal forces and corresponding stress are normal to the plane of the section, so it is termed normal stress. It's important to...

Normal Distribution

Normal Distribution

The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Reply: Methodological concerns and clinical applicability of ultrasound and bioimpedance for sarcopenia assessment in cirrhosis.

Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society·2026

Same author

Financial burden among liver transplant candidates is associated with financial distress and work impairment: A U.S. multicenter study.

Hepatology communications·2026

Same author

Granuloma annulare: An updated review of epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and management.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology·2026

Same author

Reply: Liver transplantation in AH-ACLF-which condition drives post-transplant outcomes?

Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society·2026

Same author

Clinical utility of immune biomarker staining of skin biopsies in psoriasis and eczematous dermatitis: A single-center retrospective analysis.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology·2026

Same author

High mortality at safety-net hospitals for patients with cirrhosis.

Hepatology communications·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Published on: March 25, 2022

Alkaline Phosphatase Normalization Occurs Less Frequently in Hispanic Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

Paul Yoon¹, Adriana Shen¹, Matthew Chen¹

¹Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California.

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology : the Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association

|January 31, 2026

Summary

Hispanic and non-White patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are less likely to achieve alkaline phosphatase (ALP) normalization with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment. Addressing disparities in treatment response for these underserved populations is crucial for optimal outcomes.

Keywords:

Alkaline Phosphatase Autoimmune Liver Disease Biochemical Remission Cholestatic Liver Disease Ursodeoxycholic Acid

More Related Videos

Direct Detection of Isolevuglandins in Tissues Using a D11 scFv-Alkaline Phosphatase Fusion Protein and Immunofluorescence

Direct Detection of Isolevuglandins in Tissues Using a D11 scFv-Alkaline Phosphatase Fusion Protein and Immunofluorescence

Published on: July 5, 2021

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Published on: January 26, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Published on: March 25, 2022

Direct Detection of Isolevuglandins in Tissues Using a D11 scFv-Alkaline Phosphatase Fusion Protein and Immunofluorescence

Direct Detection of Isolevuglandins in Tissues Using a D11 scFv-Alkaline Phosphatase Fusion Protein and Immunofluorescence

Published on: July 5, 2021

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Published on: January 26, 2018

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Clinical Research
Biochemistry

Background:

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) normalization is a key treatment goal for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC).
Racial and ethnic disparities in treatment response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are not well understood, particularly in Hispanic populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate racial and ethnic differences in achieving complete biochemical remission (CBR) with UDCA in PBC patients.
To specifically examine treatment outcomes in Hispanic populations within the East Los Angeles Latinx PBC (ELLA-PBC) cohort.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of the ELLA-PBC cohort (2006-2022) using AASLD criteria for PBC diagnosis.
Kaplan-Meier methods for transplant-free survival (TFS) and decompensation events (DE).
Multivariable logistic regression to assess factors associated with 1-year CBR (ALP ≤1 × ULN) after UDCA initiation.

Main Results:

Hispanic and non-White patients (77.5%) were compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients (22.5%).
No significant differences in 5-year TFS or DE were observed across racial/ethnic groups.
At 1-year, CBR rates were significantly lower in Hispanic (13.8%) and non-White (13.2%) patients compared to NHW patients (41.4%), with adjusted odds ratios of 0.31 and 0.23, respectively.

Conclusions:

Hispanic and non-White patients with PBC demonstrate significantly lower rates of achieving CBR (ALP normalization) compared to NHW patients.
These disparities persist despite comparable baseline ALP levels.
Identifying and addressing barriers to UDCA treatment response in underserved populations is essential for achieving optimal therapeutic targets in PBC.