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River extraction from high-resolution remote sensing images based on non-uniform sampling and semi-supervised

Kun Wang1,2,3, Lin Han2,4, Liangzhi Li5,6

  • 1School of Computer Science and Technology, Weinan Normal University, Wei Nan, Shaanxi, China.

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|January 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel non-uniform sampling and graph-based semi-supervised learning method for accurate river extraction. It effectively leverages unlabeled data, significantly improving accuracy and IoU metrics for critical applications like flood warning.

Keywords:
Non-uniform samplingRemote sensing imagesRiver extractionSemantic segmentationSemi-supervised learning

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Area of Science:

  • Remote Sensing
  • Computer Vision
  • Geographic Information Systems

Background:

  • Accurate river extraction is vital for water management and disaster preparedness.
  • Existing encoder-decoder networks suffer from data scarcity and detail loss.
  • Leveraging unlabeled data is key to improving river extraction models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an effective river extraction method addressing detail loss and data scarcity.
  • To enhance existing deep learning models using unlabeled data.
  • To improve the accuracy and robustness of river mapping.

Main Methods:

  • A non-uniform sampling strategy prioritizing high-frequency river edge regions.
  • Bilinear interpolation for feature fusion after non-uniform sampling.
  • Graph-based semi-supervised learning (SSL) to utilize unlabeled datasets.

Main Results:

  • Improved accuracy and Intersection over Union (IoU) for Unet, Linknet, and DeeplabV3 models.
  • Significant boosts in pixel accuracy (5.0%) and IoU (9.3%) with SSL on unlabeled data.
  • Demonstrated robustness and generalization on Gaofen-2 and OpenEarthMap datasets.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed non-uniform sampling and SSL framework effectively enhances river extraction.
  • The method offers a robust solution for leveraging unlabeled data in remote sensing applications.
  • This approach provides a valuable tool for applications requiring precise river network delineation.