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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation
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Disentangling host genetic variation for avoidance and resistance to pathogens.

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  • 1Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. cra2z@virginia.edu.

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Summary

Host defenses like avoidance and resistance interact, influencing each other's evolution. While both can exist, they often show negative associations, with one defense typically dominating within a population.

Keywords:
Behavioral immune systemDisease ecologyEco-evolutionary feedbacksHost-parasite interactionsInfectious disease

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Epidemiology
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Hosts employ avoidance (behavioral) and resistance (immunological) to mitigate pathogen impact.
  • These host defenses are crucial for preserving host fitness and reducing pathogen success.
  • The interplay between avoidance and resistance suggests interdependent epidemiological and evolutionary effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of genetic associations between avoidance and resistance.
  • To model the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between genes controlling host defense strategies.
  • To understand how infectious diseases shape the co-evolution of avoidance and resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-locus population genetics model.
  • Simulated the evolution of allelic associations under disease pressure.
  • Analyzed conditions for stable polymorphism at defense loci.

Main Results:

  • Polymorphism for both avoidance and resistance was possible but restricted to specific parameter ranges.
  • In stable polymorphic populations, avoidance and resistance alleles exhibited negative linkage disequilibrium (LD).
  • Most often, only one defense locus maintained polymorphism, with the other becoming fixed.

Conclusions:

  • Avoidance and resistance significantly influence each other's evolution due to shared impacts on infection and associated costs.
  • The relationship between avoidance and resistance is complex and not always intuitive.
  • Covariation between avoidance and resistance is more probable across different populations than within a single population.