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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
Published on: December 28, 2021
Decoding metabolic reprogramming heterogeneity across bladder cancer stages using single-cell and spatial multi-omics
Jiang Zhao1, Jingwei Zhao2, Wei Huang3
1Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China; Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, KS, USA.
Metabolic reprogramming in bladder cancer (BLCA) shows increased riboflavin metabolism with disease progression. Genes ENPP1, ACP1, and RFK in this pathway are potential prognostic biomarkers for BLCA patients.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Metabolomics
- Genetics
Background:
- Metabolic pathway reprogramming is key in cancer, but bladder cancer's (BLCA) metabolic heterogeneity across stages is unclear.
- Understanding metabolic changes in BLCA is crucial for effective treatment strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze metabolic reprogramming in BLCA across different stages.
- To investigate the impact of metabolic changes on patient survival.
- To identify potential prognostic biomarkers for BLCA.
Main Methods:
- Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics analyzed metabolic heterogeneity and riboflavin metabolism in BLCA.
- Bulk RNA sequencing identified riboflavin pathway expression and prognostic biomarkers.
- RT-qPCR, Mendelian randomization, and co-localization validated biomarker effects on BLCA risk.
Main Results:
- Significant metabolic heterogeneity was observed in BLCA epithelial cells during progression.
- Riboflavin metabolic activity increased with disease stage in BLCA.
- High expression of ENPP1, ACP1, and RFK correlated with poor overall survival and increased with tumor stage.
Conclusions:
- Elevated riboflavin metabolism signifies malignant progression in BLCA.
- ENPP1, ACP1, and RFK show promise as prognostic biomarkers for BLCA.
- These biomarkers may aid in early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and personalized treatment.
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