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Related Concept Videos

Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design01:28

Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design

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Drug design is a dynamic field that involves discovering and developing new medications based on specific biological targets. This process heavily relies on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) to guide the design and optimization of efficient drugs.
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Causality in Epidemiology01:21

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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs01:20

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs

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Body:Bioequivalence experimental study designs are crucial methodologies used in evaluating and comparing the bioavailability of different drug products. These designs are categorized into various types: completely randomized, randomized block, repeated measures, cross and carry-over, and Latin square designs.Completely randomized designs involve randomly allocating treatments to all subjects participating in the experiment. This allocation is achieved by assigning unique random numbers to...
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of...
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IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics·2010
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[Pulmonary function changes after operation in patients with severe scoliosis].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
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Causal relationships between ADHD, ASD and brain structure: A mendelian randomization study.

Yilu Zhao1, Yamin Zhang1, Tao Li1

  • 1Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
|February 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals specific brain structure differences linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Findings highlight the frontal lobe

Keywords:
ADHDASDBrain structureMendelian randomization

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) like ADHD and ASD present significant global health challenges.
  • Altered brain structure is observed in NDDs, but causal relationships remain unclear.
  • Understanding the genetic underpinnings of brain structure variations is crucial for NDDs research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal links between brain structure (grey and white matter) and the risk of ADHD and ASD.
  • To identify specific brain regions and white matter tracts implicated in the pathophysiology of these NDDs.
  • To explore potential mediating roles of brain function in the relationship between brain structure and NDDs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.
  • Employed the latest genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings for brain structure and NDDs.
  • Conducted mediation analyses incorporating functional MRI (fMRI) GWAS data.

Main Results:

  • Increased surface area of the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) is causally linked to higher ADHD risk.
  • Larger surface area of the orbital frontal gyrus (OFG) is associated with reduced ASD risk.
  • Specific white matter tracts, including the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFO) and retro-lenticular part of the internal capsule (RLIC), show causal associations with ADHD and ASD, respectively.
  • No evidence for reverse causality (NDDs causing brain alterations) was found.
  • Brain functional activity mediates the link between structural brain changes and NDD risk.

Conclusions:

  • The frontal lobe plays a critical role in the neurobiology of ADHD and ASD.
  • Specific white matter pathways are causally implicated in the development of these NDDs.
  • Findings offer novel insights into the complex interplay of genetics, brain structure, function, and NDDs.