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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Simple and Rapid Method to Obtain High-quality Tumor DNA from Clinical-pathological Specimens Using Touch Imprint Cytology
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Dual-strategy qMSP reference optimization for Low-DNA clinical specimens.

Shan Zhang1, Yixuan Tang2, Jiahui Jiang3

  • 1Department of Gynecology, Zhangjiajie People's Hospital, 427000, Zhangjiajie, China.

Analytical Biochemistry
|February 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New primer sets improve DNA methylation detection in low-concentration samples. This enhances the reliability of cancer diagnostics and reduces unusable clinical specimens, boosting regulatory trial success rates.

Keywords:
Low DNA inputPlasma cell-free DNAQuantitative methylation-specific PCRReference system optimizationSample qualification rates

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Detecting tumour DNA methylation in low-concentration samples is crucial for diagnostics but faces challenges with existing reference systems.
  • Current internal reference systems often fail, leading to the loss of valuable clinical specimens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop improved reference primer-probe sets for reliable DNA methylation detection in low-input samples.
  • To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of tumour methylation detection kits for clinical applications and regulatory trials.

Main Methods:

  • A two-part framework was used: optimizing existing ACTB assays and designing new primers for CpG-free genomic regions.
  • A three-stage screening process including SYBR Green qPCR, TaqMan probe-based qPCR, and cross-validation in various biological samples was employed.

Main Results:

  • Two superior primer sets, bisACTB_103_F2+R2+P2 (optimized) and bisProAB1_F2+R2+P1 (novel), were identified.
  • Both sets demonstrated enhanced amplification efficiency and specificity across cell lines, tissues, blood, and plasma.
  • The bisProAB1_F2+R2+P1 set significantly improved amplification in low-concentration plasma DNA, increasing detection success rates by nearly 5% in a large clinical study.

Conclusions:

  • The developed primer sets provide verified, high-performance reference systems for DNA methylation diagnostics.
  • These systems improve the reliability of minimal-input sample analysis and maximize the utility of precious biospecimens.
  • The findings support the translation of tumour methylation detection kits into regulatory trials by increasing assay robustness.