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Percutaneous hammertoe correction using extra-articular osteotomies: A retrospective study of patient-reported

Brian G Loder1, Akram Aljumail2, Denny A Cherry3

  • 1Michigan Minimal Invasive Foot & Ankle Surgery Fellowship, 15760 19 Mile Rd Suite E, Clinton Township, MI 48038, USA; Podiatric Surgical Specialists, 15760 19 Mile Rd Suite E, Clinton Township, MI 48038, USA.

The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
|February 1, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Percutaneous correction of lesser toe deformities significantly improves patient function and reduces pain. This minimally invasive technique demonstrates a low complication rate, offering a safe alternative for correcting hammertoes.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures
  • Foot and Ankle Reconstruction

Background:

  • Lesser toe deformities, such as hammertoes, significantly impact patient quality of life.
  • Traditional open surgical correction can involve extensive soft tissue disruption and prolonged recovery.
  • Percutaneous techniques offer a less invasive approach to address these deformities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of percutaneous correction of lesser toe deformities using extra-articular osteotomies.
  • To assess patient-reported outcomes and identify postoperative complications associated with the procedure.
  • To compare the efficacy of percutaneous correction against traditional open methods.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 98 percutaneous hammertoe correction procedures in 41 patients (April 2019-April 2024).
  • Exclusion of procedures involving interphalangeal arthrodesis or isolated fifth toe corrections.
  • Functional outcomes assessed using the Foot Function Index (FFI) pre- and post-operatively (minimum 12-month follow-up).

Main Results:

  • Significant improvement in overall FFI scores (86.3 to 34.9, p < 0.0001).
  • Statistically significant improvements in pain (p < 0.0001) and disability (p < 0.0001) subscales.
  • Common concomitant procedures included hallux valgus correction (46%); recurrence (7%) and capsular release (5%) were the most frequent complications.

Conclusions:

  • Percutaneous correction of lesser toe deformities using extra-articular osteotomies is a safe and effective treatment.
  • The procedure significantly enhances patient-reported outcomes with a low complication profile.
  • Further research comparing long-term results with open techniques is recommended.
Abstract

Keywords:
Foot function indexHammertoe deformityMinimally invasiveOsteotomyPatient-reported outcomesPercutaneous

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