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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
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Impaired Processing of Bodily Signals Is Associated With Borderline Personality Traits: Insights From the Predictive

Xu Chi1, Kun Hu2, Yining Ma1

  • 1Institute of Applied Psychology, College of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.

International Journal of Psychology : Journal International De Psychologie
|February 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) traits show intact interoceptive accuracy but reduced trust in bodily signals. This suggests altered neural processing related to interoception, potentially impacting emotional regulation.

Keywords:
borderline personality disorder traitheartbeat evoked potentialsinteroceptionpredictive coding model

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by emotional instability and negative affect.
  • The Predictive Coding Model suggests impaired prediction of bodily signals may underlie BPD deficits.
  • Empirical validation of the Predictive Coding Model in BPD is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate interoceptive processing in individuals with high versus low Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) traits.
  • To examine interoceptive sensitivity, accuracy, and neural correlates using the Predictive Coding framework.
  • To compare high BPD-trait individuals with a low BPD-trait control group.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited high (score ≥ 6) and low (score ≤ 2) BPD-trait groups based on the McLean Screening Instrument.
  • Assessed interoceptive sensitivity using the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-2 (MAIA-2).
  • Measured interoceptive accuracy via the Heartbeat Counting Task (HBCT) and neural correlates using heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEP).

Main Results:

  • High BPD-trait group reported lower scores on MAIA-2 subscales (Not-Worrying, Trusting).
  • No significant differences in interoceptive accuracy (HBCT) were found between groups.
  • Low BPD-trait group showed attention-modulated HEP amplitudes; high BPD-trait group had consistently high amplitudes.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals with high BPD traits exhibit intact interoceptive accuracy but reduced trust and altered neural processing (HEP) of cardiac signals.
  • Findings support the Predictive Coding Model, suggesting rigid precision weighting impairs adaptive interoceptive modulation in BPD traits.
  • Altered interoceptive processing may contribute to the emotional instability observed in Borderline Personality Disorder.