Vitamin Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Given the global burden, the potential role of micronutrients-particularly vitamins-in modifying cardiovascular risk has been a topic of intense investigation. This review synthesizes current evidence on the associations between various vitamins and cardiovascular health. It explores biological mechanisms, including antioxidant activity, endothelial function, lipid modulation, homocysteine metabolism, and vascular calcification. Vitamins D, C, E, K, and several B-complex vitamins are highlighted for their relevance. While observational data often support associations between deficiencies and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, large-scale randomized controlled trials have yielded mixed or null results, particularly regarding supplementation efficacy in primary or secondary prevention. Despite a high prevalence of supplement use in the United States, with over half of adults reporting intake, robust evidence supporting cardiovascular benefit remains limited. In some subgroups-such as individuals with hypertension, heart failure, or vitamin deficiencies-certain vitamins may offer modest benefits. However, indiscriminate supplementation has generally not been proven effective and, in some cases, may carry risks. The review emphasizes the need for targeted interventions, individualized assessment, and further high-quality research to clarify the role of vitamins in cardiovascular prevention and treatment.