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Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli
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Engineering next-generation crops through CRISPR-mediated horizontal gene transfer.

Madhab Kumar Sen1, Amit Roy2, Rajeev K Varshney3

  • 1Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.

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|February 2, 2026
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Summary

CRISPR-enabled horizontal gene transfer (CRISPR-HGT) offers a novel approach to enhance crop resilience against multiple environmental stresses. This evolution-informed strategy harnesses microbial genes for improved multi-trait adaptation in crops.

Keywords:
crop engineeringdeep learninghorizontal gene transfermicrobial genesmulti‐trait resilienceprecision agriculturesynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Crops face increasing overlapping stresses (heat, drought, salinity, pathogens) that are difficult to address with conventional breeding or genome editing.
  • Microbial genes, refined by extreme environments, offer a source of preadapted traits for enhancing plant resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce CRISPR-enabled horizontal gene transfer (CRISPR-HGT) as a programmable framework for engineering multi-trait crop resilience.
  • To leverage microbial genes for improved crop adaptation to climate uncertainty and multiple environmental stresses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing CRISPR-HGT to recreate evolutionary gene transfer from microbes to plants.
  • Integrating advanced CRISPR tools (Cas12a, CasΦ, RNA-targeting, dCas epigenome editors) with AI-guided microbial gene discovery.
  • Developing a conceptual pipeline from microbial gene mining to field deployment, considering ecological and regulatory aspects.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-HGT enables modular and inducible stress regulation by incorporating microbial genes.
  • The approach facilitates evolution-guided design, shifting from simple allelic modification to complex trait engineering.
  • A framework is proposed for discovering and deploying naturally preadapted microbial genes for crop improvement.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-HGT presents a paradigm shift in crop engineering, moving towards evolution-informed design for enhanced stress resilience.
  • This method allows for the engineering of crops that can better anticipate and withstand environmental stresses, sustaining yield under climate uncertainty.
  • The study highlights the potential of harnessing microbial genetic resources for robust crop adaptation.