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Powering Modernity: Fossil Capitalism and Japan's Electrification.

Chenxiao Li

    Technology and Culture
    |February 2, 2026
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    Summary

    Japan

    Area of Science:

    • Economic History
    • Energy Studies
    • Science and Technology Studies

    Background:

    • Pre-1930s Japan's electrification was driven by fossil capitalism.
    • Privately owned utilities commodified energy from coal and hydropower.
    • This era saw fierce competition and financial innovation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the historical development of Japan's energy infrastructure before the 1930s.
    • To understand the role of fossil fuels, finance, and state policy in electrification.
    • To highlight the diverse nature of Asian electrification processes.

    Main Methods:

    • Historical analysis of Japan's pre-1930s electrification.
    • Examination of market logic and state policies.
    • Case study approach focusing on the Japanese context.

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    Main Results:

    • Electrification expanded under fossil capitalism, driven by private utilities.
    • The Japanese state supported market mechanisms for electrification.
    • Novel financial instruments emerged due to utility expansion and competition.
    • Weak public ownership and regulation at the local level characterized the period.

    Conclusions:

    • Japan's early electrification integrated fossil fuels, finance, and modernity.
    • The study reveals the heterogeneity of electrification in Asia.
    • Fossil capitalism shaped Japan's energy infrastructure development.