What known about endocrine disrupting chemicals and bone metabolism

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that alter the synthesis, transport, release, binding, and degradation of natural hormones involved in reproduction and development. Scientific research conducted in recent years has significantly advanced understanding of the health effects of these chemicals. Many endocrine disruptors to which we are unknowingly exposed in our daily lives may affect our tissues, organs, and even bones. When the studies are examined, it is seen that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) even in the prenatal period leads to delayed ossification, growth retardation, changes in bone length and size, and decreases in bone mineral density and mineral content. Information regarding bone health, development, growth, and mineral content reveals that EDCs negatively impact these processes at both clinical and molecular levels. This review addresses the effects of bisphenols, alkylphenols, organotin compounds, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, phthalate esters, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on bone. The selection of these substances is based on key characteristics such as persistence, environmental prevalence, endocrine activity, and their potential to cause changes in bone development, metabolism, and structural integrity. This review summarizes the effects of endocrine disruptors on bone metabolism, but further research is needed as these mechanisms are not yet fully understood.