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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

OP-IVM: Combining In vitro Maturation after Oocyte Retrieval with Gynecological Surgery
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An International Prospective, Non-Randomized Comparative Study with Articulating Laparoscopic Instruments in Benign

Young Eun Chung1, Seongyun Lim1, Jun-Hyeong Seo1

  • 1Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Journal of Investigative Surgery : the Official Journal of the Academy of Surgical Research
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Articulated laparoscopic instruments (Artisential®) are feasible and safe for benign adnexal surgery. This study found no significant differences in outcomes compared to conventional laparoscopic tools.

Keywords:
Laparoscopyarticulating laparoscopybenign adnexal surgerygynecologysurgical instruments

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Area of Science:

  • Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery
  • Surgical Technology Innovation

Background:

  • Articulated laparoscopic instruments offer enhanced dexterity but lack extensive evidence in benign gynecologic surgery.
  • Limited data exists on the perioperative safety and feasibility of Artisential® instruments in this surgical domain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility and perioperative safety of Artisential® articulated instruments.
  • To compare outcomes of Artisential® use versus conventional laparoscopic instruments in benign adnexal surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Multicenter, prospective, non-randomized comparative study with propensity score matching.
  • Consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for benign adnexal disease were enrolled.
  • Outcomes included operation time, blood loss, hospital stay, and complications (Clavien-Dindo grading).

Main Results:

  • 184 patients analyzed, 112 matched pairs included.
  • No significant differences in operative outcomes between Artisential® and conventional instruments.
  • No surgical conversions or blood transfusions; complications were infrequent and minor (Grade I port-site issues).

Conclusions:

  • Artisential® articulated instruments demonstrate feasibility and short-term safety in laparoscopic benign adnexal surgery.
  • Further randomized controlled trials are recommended to assess long-term ergonomic and economic advantages.