Intelligent multi omics and industry 6.0 and 7.0 enabled technologies for deciphering the tumor immune...

Recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy have transformed clinical oncology, with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cellular therapies, oncolytic viruses, cytokine based therapeutics and nanomedicine establishing themselves as core treatment platforms. Tumor heterogeneity driven by inter and intra tumoral genomic divergence generates complex neoantigen landscapes, contributing to immune evasion and therapeutic resistance. Natural antioxidants such as quercetin, curcumin, catechins and resveratrol are gaining recognition for their ability to modulate immunometabolic pathways by lowering pathological reactive oxygen species (ROS), restoring T-cell receptor signaling, enhancing dendritic antigen presentation and improving CD8⁺ T-cell infiltration, thereby strengthening foundational antitumor immune responses. Monoclonal antibodies generated from single B-cell clones demonstrate high antigen specificity and exert antitumor effects through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement activation and immune checkpoint modulation. Although checkpoint inhibitors achieve substantial clinical efficacy, they may induce severe immune-related adverse events, including myocarditis, colitis, and pneumonitis. Mechanistic studies further reveal that antioxidants such as EGCG, α-lipoic acid and curcumin downregulate PD-1/PD-L1 expression by restoring mitochondrial function and inhibiting STAT3 signalling, ultimately enhancing T-cell activation and reducing exhaustion, thereby improving responsiveness to checkpoint blockade. Adoptive cellular platforms, including CAR-T and CAR-NK therapies, offer durable clinical responses but face challenges such as cytokine release syndrome, antigen escape and neurotoxicity. AI-driven multi-omics analytics now achieve predictive accuracies enabling precision diagnostics, biomarker discovery and optimized treatment planning. Integrating Industry 6.0/7.0 technologies, intelligent manufacturing, sustainable materials, low-carbon bioprocessing, autonomous systems will facilitate globally accessible, highly targeted and toxicity-reduced immunotherapies, supporting equitable and environmentally responsible implementation of next-generation cancer treatments.