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Federated multimodal AI for precision-equitable diabetes care.

Bing Bai1, Xilin Liu2, Hong Li3

  • 1Medical Service Dimension, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.

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|February 2, 2026
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Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) can reduce health disparities in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AI improves early detection, complication surveillance, and glycaemic control, but equitable implementation requires addressing bias and the digital divide.

Keywords:
artificial intelligencedigital-twinfederated learninghealth-equityprecision medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Informatics
  • Public Health
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global epidemic exacerbated by health inequities.
  • Disadvantaged populations face disproportionately higher risks of T2DM onset and complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to mitigate health disparities in T2DM care.
  • To review AI applications in T2DM early detection, complication surveillance, and management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current AI applications in T2DM, including machine learning (ML) models integrating multimodal data.
  • Analysis of AI's role in screening for diabetic retinopathy, forecasting renal decline, and detecting foot lesions.
  • Examination of AI integration with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), wearables, and telemedicine.

Main Results:

  • AI models enhance early risk prediction by integrating diverse data sources.
  • AI-powered systems achieve high accuracy in screening for diabetic complications.
  • AI facilitates real-time glycaemic management and extends care via telemedicine.

Conclusions:

  • AI offers transformative potential to reduce T2DM health inequities across the care continuum.
  • Addressing data heterogeneity, algorithmic bias, and the digital divide is crucial for equitable AI implementation.
  • Future AI development requires multimodal models, digital twins, and ethical governance for sustainable and equitable solutions.