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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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3'-tRNA Fragments Target Domesticated LTR-Retrotransposons.

Matthew Peacey, Joshua I Steinberg, Andrea J Schorn

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    |February 2, 2026
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Mammalian cells use 3'-tRNA fragments (3'-tRFs) to regulate long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. This study shows 3'-tRFs control domesticated LTR-retrotransposons and endogenous genes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Epigenetics

    Background:

    • Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are integrated into mammalian genomes and play vital roles.
    • 3'-tRNA fragments (3'-tRFs) are known to repress active LTR retrotransposons by targeting their tRNA primer binding site (PBS).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the widespread presence of 3'-tRF target sites in retrotransposon transcripts.
    • To validate the post-transcriptional repression mediated by 3'-tRFs at LTR-retrotransposon-derived sites.
    • To explore the role of 3'-tRFs in regulating endogenous genes, specifically imprinted genes.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of retrotransposon-derived transcripts for 3'-tRF target sites.
    • Luciferase reporter assays to confirm post-transcriptional repression.
    • Identification of imprinted gene Peg3 as a target of a specific 3'-tRF.

    Main Results:

    • 3'-tRF target sites derived from the PBS are prevalent in retrotransposon transcripts.
    • Post-transcriptional repression was confirmed at multiple 5' UTR sites derived from LTR-retrotransposons.
    • The imprinted gene Peg3 was identified as a target of an Arg-TCT 3'-tRF through a conserved 5' UTR site.

    Conclusions:

    • 3'-tRFs regulate domesticated LTR-retrotransposons, indicating their continued role in controlling these elements.
    • The findings demonstrate a mechanism where 3'-tRFs, originally for transposon defense, are repurposed for endogenous gene regulation.