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Buffers02:56

Buffers

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A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
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Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

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Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
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Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

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A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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The concept of the looking-glass self describes how an individual's self-concept is shaped by their perception of how others see them. This psychological theory, first introduced by sociologist Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, posits that self-identity emerges in a social context and is influenced by the judgments—real or imagined—of others.Research suggests that individuals frequently overestimate how positively others perceive them. This is particularly evident in physical...
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Compositional complexity buffers free-volume sensitivity and serrated flow in metallic glasses.

Anurag Bajpai1, Jaemin Wang1, Dierk Raabe1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Npj Computational Materials
|February 2, 2026
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Summary

Adding elements to metallic glasses (MGs) like copper-zirconium reduces their sensitivity to processing conditions. This compositional complexity enhances mechanical properties and stability, leading to high-performance materials.

Keywords:
Materials sciencePhysics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Materials Science
  • Alloy Design

Background:

  • Processing history significantly impacts metallic glasses (MGs) properties.
  • The effect of compositional complexity on the sensitivity of MGs' structure and mechanics to cooling rates is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how increasing compositional complexity in copper-zirconium (Cu-Zr) based metallic glasses affects their structural and mechanical properties.
  • To determine if compositional complexity can desensitize MGs to variations in cooling rates during fabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Employed large-scale molecular dynamics simulations for Cu-Zr, Cu-Zr-Al, and Cu-Zr-Al-Ti systems vitrified over a wide range of cooling rates (10^11–10^15 K·s^-1).
  • Utilized spherical nanoindentation to probe mechanical properties.
  • Analyzed atomic free volume using radical-Voronoi tessellation and quantified non-affine rearrangements via the Falk-Langer D^2_min field.

Main Results:

  • Increasing compositional complexity narrows free-volume distributions and reduces sensitivity to cooling rates.
  • Compositional complexity suppresses the disparity between properties obtained at fast and slow cooling rates.
  • Enhanced hardness, modulus, and elastic recovery were observed with increased complexity, alongside reduced serration and shear transformation zone (STZ) densities.

Conclusions:

  • Compositional complexity acts as a quantitative lever to achieve processing-tolerant, high-performance metallic glasses.
  • The findings reconcile configurational entropy effects with enthalpic and structural factors in alloy design.
  • Cu-Zr-based MGs with higher compositional complexity exhibit improved short- and medium-range atomic order and stability.