Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

11.8K
Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
11.8K
What is Conservation Biology?01:57

What is Conservation Biology?

24.3K
Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the human population. Humans require properly functioning ecosystems to maintain our supply of natural resources, including food, medicines, and building materials.
24.3K
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

16.8K
Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
16.8K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.7K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
1.7K
π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical01:27

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical

4.6K
Allyl radicals are three-carbon conjugated systems. They are readily formed as intermediates in halogenation reactions of alkenes involving the addition of halogen to the allylic carbon instead of the double bond. As seen in allyl cations and anions, each of the three sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in allyl radicals has an unhybridized p orbital. These orbitals combine to give three π molecular orbitals.
The allyl systems have identical molecular orbitals but differ in the number of π electrons....
4.6K
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

17.9K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Stoichiometry dependent modifications in synthetic heme peroxo reactivity with nitrosonium: a new paradigm for understanding heme mediated nitration chemistry.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Magnetic and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Thiolate Bridged Divalent Ni, Pd, and Pt Ions Capped with VO(N<sub><b>2</b></sub>S<sub><b>2</b></sub>) Metalloligands.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Bioengineering Stem Cell-Derived Glioblastoma Organoids: A Comprehensive Review.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Screening π-Extended Ruthenium(II) Complexes for the Photoinduced Oxidative Modulation of Amyloid-β Peptide Aggregation.

Inorganic chemistry·2025
Same author

Barium ion sensing with IPG K<sup>+</sup> molecular probes.

The Analyst·2025
Same author

Impact of Metal Center on Photophysics and <i>In Vitro</i> Photodynamic Therapeutic Activities of Ru(II)/Os(II)/Ir(III) Bis-terpyridine Complexes Bearing Oligothienyl Substituents.

Inorganic chemistry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

12.7K

Photophysical and Biological Properties of Diprotic Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Extended π-Systems.

Olaitan E Oladipupo1, David M Muthama1, Wilmer J Andújar-Cruz2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States.

Organometallics
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with diprotic ligands and extended π systems show promise for photodynamic therapy. Four compounds exhibited potent photocytotoxicity against cancer cells, with one achieving a phototherapeutic index of 145.

Keywords:
dihydroxybipyridinephotodynamic therapyphotoluminescenceprotic ligandsruthenium complexesπ-expanded ligands

More Related Videos

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology
13:19

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Published on: October 14, 2013

31.7K
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor
07:12

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

Published on: October 26, 2017

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

12.7K
The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology
13:19

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Published on: October 14, 2013

31.7K
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor
07:12

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

Published on: October 26, 2017

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Photochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes are investigated for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications.
  • Modifying ligands can tune complex properties, enhancing light absorption and therapeutic efficacy.
  • Diprotic ligands allow for pH-dependent charge changes, potentially improving cellular uptake and targeting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel Ruthenium(II) complexes with diprotic and π-expanded ligands for PDT.
  • To investigate the photocytotoxicity, photophysical properties, and acid-base characteristics of these complexes.
  • To explore structure-activity relationships for optimizing PDT agents.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of six Ruthenium(II) complexes featuring 4,4'-dihydroxybipyridine (4,4'-dhbp) or 4,7-dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthroline (4,7-dhphen) with bathophenanthroline (bphen), dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz), or benzodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppn) ligands.
  • Characterization using single crystal X-ray diffraction for key compounds and precursors.
  • Evaluation of photocytotoxicity against breast and melanoma cancer cells.
  • Assessment of lipophilicity, thermodynamic acidities (pKa), singlet oxygen quantum yields, and luminescence properties.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and characterization of six target Ruthenium(II) complexes.
  • X-ray diffraction data confirmed the structures of synthesized complexes and precursors.
  • Four complexes, particularly those with bphen and dppn ligands, demonstrated significant photocytotoxicity, including activity under green light irradiation.
  • One complex achieved a high phototherapeutic index (PI) of 145, indicating a favorable therapeutic window.

Conclusions:

  • The designed Ruthenium(II) complexes with tunable diprotic and π-expanded ligands show potential as effective PDT agents.
  • Ligand choice significantly influences photophysical properties and photocytotoxicity.
  • Further development of these complexes could lead to novel cancer therapies with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects.