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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
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Radiation oncology as a complex adaptive system.

Mohammad Bakhtiari1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, WellSpan Health, Chambersburg, PA, United States.

Frontiers in Oncology
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiation oncology (RO) is a complex system with increasing nonlinearity. System thinking is essential for managing RO

Keywords:
adaptivecomplex systemcomplexityradiation oncologysystem thinking

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Area of Science:

  • Systems Science
  • Medical Physics
  • Health Systems Management

Background:

  • Radiation oncology (RO) is recognized as a complex system with many interacting factors.
  • Current methods for assessing RO interconnectivity are limited, risking oversimplification.
  • This study quantitatively assesses complexity and nonlinearity in RO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess evolving complexity and nonlinearity in radiation oncology.
  • To develop a measurable framework for adaptive management in clinical practice.
  • To apply system-thinking tools to understand RO dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Shannon Entropy was used to analyze evolving complexity.
  • Dynamic system simulations (predator-prey models, SimPy) explored nonlinearity.
  • Process mining and social network analysis examined process conformance and self-organization.

Main Results:

  • A significant increase in RO complexity and nonlinearity was observed.
  • Simulations and process mining revealed emergent behavior and self-organization.
  • Adaptability within the RO system was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • RO systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity, complexity, emergence, adaptability, and self-organization.
  • Viewing RO as a complex system necessitates a shift to 'systems thinking'.
  • Systems thinking will improve management and lead to more effective, adaptable healthcare outcomes.