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Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Random and Systematic Errors

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...

Systematic Sampling Method

Systematic Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

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Related Experiment Video

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Use of High-Throughput Automated Microbioreactor System for Production of Model IgG1 in CHO Cells

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Published on: September 28, 2018

Automated citation searching in systematic review production: A simulation study.

Darren Rajit¹, Lan Du², Helena Teede^1,3

¹Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.

Research Synthesis Methods

|February 2, 2026

Summary

Automated citation searching using OpenAlex and Semantic Scholar shows promise for systematic reviews. While it improved precision and F1 scores, recall was lower, suggesting its use as a supplementary strategy.

Keywords:

automation evidence synthesis guideline development learning health systems scoping review systematic reviews

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Area of Science:

Information Science
Bibliometrics
Systematic Review Methodology

Background:

Bibliographic aggregators like OpenAlex and Semantic Scholar offer potential for automating citation searching in systematic reviews.
Automated methods may increase efficiency in systematic review production.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the performance of automated citation searching against standard strategies.
To identify factors influencing the performance of automated citation searching.

Main Methods:

Automated citation searching was simulated on 27 systematic reviews across OpenAlex and Semantic Scholar.
Performance metrics included recall, precision, and F1-F3 scores, compared to original review search strategies.
Factors analyzed included study area, number of articles, seed article characteristics, and API choice.

Main Results:

Automated citation searching outperformed standard strategies in precision (p < 0.05) and F1 score (p < 0.05).
Recall (p < 0.05) and F3 score (p < 0.05) were not superior to standard strategies.
Performance varied by study area, with higher performance in environmental management than social policy.

Conclusions:

Automated citation searching is best used as a supplementary strategy when precision is prioritized over recall.
Its superior precision and F1 score suggest utility in specific systematic review contexts.
Lower recall and F3 scores indicate limitations when comprehensive retrieval is paramount.