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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

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Surface-composition-driven patchy carbon shells unlock high activity and durability in PtCu oxygen reduction

Hyelim Park1, Keonwoo Ko1, Yunjin Kim1

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Low-temperature CO treatment on PtCu nanoparticles creates Pt-rich surfaces for controlled carbon growth. This process enhances oxygen reduction reaction activity and durability by forming a protective carbon shell and dealloying copper.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Platinum-copper (PtCu) nanoparticles are crucial catalysts.
  • Controlling nanoparticle structure is key to enhancing catalytic performance.
  • Carbon incorporation and shell formation are strategies to improve catalyst stability and activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of sequential low-temperature CO and high-temperature Ar treatments on carbon-incorporated PtCu nanoparticles.
  • To understand the mechanisms of Pt surface segregation and carbon shell formation.
  • To evaluate the impact of these structural modifications on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of carbon-incorporated PtCu nanoparticles.
  • Sequential treatment with carbon monoxide (CO) at low temperature and argon (Ar) at high temperature.
  • Characterization of nanoparticle structure and surface composition (e.g., using electron microscopy, surface analysis techniques).
  • Electrochemical evaluation of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance and durability.

Main Results:

  • Low-temperature CO treatment induced Pt surface segregation and localized carbon growth.
  • High-temperature Ar treatment formed a patchy carbon shell.
  • Selective near-surface copper (Cu) dealloying occurred.
  • Treated nanoparticles exhibited boosted ORR activity.
  • Enhanced durability and suppressed particle degradation were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Sequential CO and Ar treatments effectively engineer PtCu nanoparticle structure for improved catalysis.
  • The formed carbon shell protects the catalyst, while dealloying enhances intrinsic activity.
  • This approach offers a promising strategy for developing durable and highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction.