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Psychology is the scientific discipline dedicated to understanding both observable behavior and the internal mental processes underlying such behavior. It aims to comprehend human nature and apply this understanding to solve practical problems, enhance well-being, and improve societal outcomes. An example of psychology's application is the study of prosocial behavior, such as why and under what conditions individuals might help strangers in need. This process involves describing observed...
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Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist born in 1856, significantly influenced psychology through his exploration of the unconscious mind. His interest in patients suffering from hysteria and neurosis — conditions without apparent physical causes — led him to theorize the existence of an unconscious mind, a repository for feelings and urges beyond our awareness. Freud's innovative approach included techniques such as dream analysis, free association, and attention to slips of the...
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Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
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The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
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Breadth psychology.

Aden Evens1, Sarah Ackerman2

  • 1Department of English and Creative Writing, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.

The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Freudian psychoanalysis faces a confidentiality paradox. Digital age shifts personhood, potentially altering the analyst

Area of Science:

  • Psychoanalytic theory
  • Digital psychology
  • Ethics in psychotherapy

Background:

  • Traditional Freudian psychoanalysis views personhood as internally conflicted.
  • The analyst occupies a dual role within and outside the patient's internal dialogue.
  • This duality creates a paradox of confidentiality: preserved yet violated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how digital technologies reshape psychic structure and personhood.
  • To examine the implications for psychoanalytic confidentiality in the digital age.
  • To consider how the analytic task must adapt to patients with distributed online selves.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of Freudian psychoanalytic theory.
  • Examination of the impact of digital technologies on selfhood and privacy.
Keywords:
Confidentialityartificial intelligenceethics

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  • Ethical considerations of maintaining confidentiality and professional practice.

    • Main Results:

    • Digital technologies may dissolve the traditional internal/external psychic split.
    • Personhood in the digital age is diffused into online, distributed selves.
    • The Freudian confidentiality paradox may no longer apply to digitally-mediated selves.

    Conclusions:

    • The analytic task, including confidentiality, needs re-evaluation for digitally-influenced patients.
    • Analysts must maintain ethical commitments (abstinence, neutrality, anonymity) regardless of psychic structure shifts.
    • Adapting technique while preserving core ethical principles is crucial for effective psychoanalysis in the digital era.