Oxygen Vacancy-Engineered High-Entropy Oxide Nanozymes for Spatiotemporal Cascading Antifouling in Marine...

The catalytic versatility and compositional tunability of oxidative attack-based nanozymes offer a promising strategy for marine antifouling, yet their performance is often constrained by insufficient active-site accessibility, transient catalytic intermediates and restricted diffusion. Inspired by haloperoxidases (HPOs) in marine organisms, this study reports oxygen vacancy (V_o)-enriched high-entropy oxides (V_o-HEO) as multifunctional nanozymes to address these challenges. The entropy-stabilized multicomponent lattice, synergistically coupled with abundant V_o sites, reconfigures electronic structures and diversifies catalytic pathways, enabling efficient HPO-mimetic generation of hypobromous acid (HOBr), which is a selective and long-lived biocide (half-life > 36 days) capable of disrupting bacterial quorum sensing (QS) signals and oxidizing key biomolecules. By further integrating persistent HOBr with highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, V_o-HEO establishes a spatiotemporally cascading protective regime at the substrate interface, combining long-range QS suppression in the bulk phase with rapid oxidative eradication at the nano-biological interface, ultimately reducing bacterial adhesion by 90%. Microbiological characterization and metagenomic sequencing analyses further verify that V_o-HEO systematically collapses the coordination of microbial communication and energy metabolism across temporal and spatial scales. Collectively, this work demonstrates intelligent regulation of marine microecology and establishes a paradigm for adaptive antifouling design.