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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Multi-Approach Workflows for Chromatin and Histone Isolation from Trypanosoma cruzi: From Basic Protein Extraction to

Ana Paula Menezes1, Julia Pinheiro Chagas da Cunha2

  • 1Cell Cycle Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study provides detailed protocols for isolating chromatin and histones from Trypanosoma cruzi. These methods support diverse analyses, including mass spectrometry, for studying epigenetic regulation in this parasite.

Keywords:
Data-independent acquisitionElectrophoresis, PTMsHistoneMass spectrometryTrypanosoma cruzi

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The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Parasitology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Trypanosoma cruzi presents unique biological challenges for molecular studies.
  • Understanding chromatin and histone dynamics is crucial for epigenetic regulation research in parasites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present comprehensive and optimized protocols for isolating chromatin and histones from Trypanosoma cruzi.
  • To provide flexible tools for studying histone modifications and chromatin-associated proteins across parasite life stages.

Main Methods:

  • Development of optimized workflows for basic nuclear protein, histone, linker histone H1, and chromatin-associated protein extraction.
  • Adaptation of methods for different parasite life stages and cell cycle phases.
  • Integration of approaches compatible with gel-based analyses and high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Main Results:

  • Established robust protocols for chromatin and histone isolation from T. cruzi.
  • Demonstrated adaptability of methods across various parasite conditions.
  • Enabled proteomic workflows for in-depth analysis of chromatin proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The presented protocols offer valuable tools for investigating epigenetic regulation in Trypanosoma cruzi.
  • These methods facilitate detailed studies of histone post-translational modifications and nuclear processes.
  • The work addresses specific challenges in T. cruzi biology, enhancing research capabilities.