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The work done by a thermodynamic system depends not only on the initial and final states but also on the intermediate states—that is, on the path. Like work, when heat is added to a thermodynamic system, it undergoes a change of state, and the state attained depends on the path from the initial state to the final state. Consider an ideal gas cylinder fitted with a piston. When the cylinder is heated at a constant temperature, the gas molecules absorb energy and expand slowly in a...
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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Visualizing Intracellular Sialylation with Click Chemistry and Expansion Microscopy
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Expansion Microscopy in Euglenozoa.

Marie Zelená1, Anežka Konupková2, Vladimír Hampl2

  • 1Laboratory of Cell Motility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Expansion microscopy enhances cellular imaging resolution for Euglenozoa, enabling super-resolution visualization of protein localization. This protocol details a robust method for improved cell biology studies in these organisms.

Keywords:
ChloroplastCytoskeletonEuglena gracilisExpansion microscopyMitochondrionSuper-resolution light microscopyTrypanosoma brucei

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy Techniques

Background:

  • Expansion microscopy (ExM) offers super-resolution imaging by physically enlarging specimens.
  • It enables detailed visualization of protein localization within cellular volumes.
  • ExM combined with confocal microscopy provides an accessible super-resolution approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail a protocol for expansion microscopy of Euglenozoa, including Trypanosoma brucei and Euglena gracilis.
  • To demonstrate the compatibility of the method with various labeling techniques.
  • To enhance the study of Euglenozoa cell biology using super-resolution imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Protocol development for expansion microscopy of Euglenozoa.
  • Application of antibodies for endogenous protein and epitope tag labeling.
  • Utilizing fluorescent stains for whole-proteome, lipid, and nucleic acid labeling.

Main Results:

  • Achieved an average expansion factor of 4.6 for Trypanosoma brucei.
  • Achieved an average expansion factor of 3.5 for Euglena gracilis.
  • Demonstrated successful labeling of proteins, lipids, and DNA in expanded cells.

Conclusions:

  • The developed expansion microscopy protocol is effective for Euglenozoa.
  • The method is versatile and compatible with various labeling strategies.
  • This technique provides a robust super-resolution approach for Euglenozoa cell biology research.