Barriers to Digital Health Adoption in Older Adults: Scoping Review Informed by Innovation Resistance Theory

The transformation of digital health technologies has reshaped health care delivery in primary care. Despite these benefits, older adults remain among the most resistant users. Traditional technology adoption models may not fully capture this reluctance, which is shaped not only by usability challenges but also by emotional, psychological, and identity-related concerns. Innovation resistance theory (IRT) offers a complementary framework focused on barriers to adoption rather than solely on facilitators.

This study aims to map and synthesize evidence on older adults' resistance to digital health in primary care through the lens of IRT, and to examine how resistance factors align with, extend, or refine IRT's functional and psychological barriers.

A scoping review with concept-driven thematic synthesis was conducted. A search for studies published between 2014 and 2025 was conducted across 5 databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Ovid Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus; the final search was completed in November 2025. Eligible studies were those that examined barriers or resistance to digital health use among adults aged 60 years and older in primary care settings. Search terms included "older adults," "digital health/eHealth," and "technology resistance." We excluded studies outside primary care and in which caregivers or health care professionals were the primary users. Data were extracted into a structured matrix and coded to the IRT domains: usage, value, risk, tradition, and image barriers. Relational integration was used to examine co-occurrence and linkages among barriers to inform the conceptual model.

Seventeen studies were included, comprising 6822 participants (sample sizes ranged from 11 to 4525). Most studies were conducted in high-income Western countries, predominantly with qualitative designs, alongside mixed-methods and cross-sectional surveys. Functional barriers included usability challenges, interface complexity, and age-related impairments. Psychological resistance was linked to emotional discomfort, symbolic misalignment, and concerns about the loss of relational care. Value and risk concerns included distrust in diagnostic accuracy, privacy and data security, and skepticism about care quality. Traditional preferences for face-to-face interactions and generational digital divides reinforced image-based resistance. Interactions between barriers were identified, with low self-efficacy and technology anxiety creating feedback loops that reinforce avoidance behaviors.

Older adults' resistance to digital health is not simply a lack of adoption but a complex, emotionally grounded process involving functional, psychological, and identity-based barriers. This review applies IRT to primary care digital health, shifting the focus from adoption facilitators to resistance mechanisms and integrating co-occurrence patterns into a conceptual model. The synthesis reveals interacting factors of usability, self-efficacy, anxiety, trust, and legitimacy concerns that reinforce avoidance, suggesting that implementation strategies should extend beyond technical usability to rebuild trust, preserve relational care, and align digital solutions with older adults' values. Review limitations include the predominance of Western-based studies and limited longitudinal data on how resistance evolves.