Energy metabolism, nutrition and cancer

Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, and it remains a major global health concern. In order to meet the increased energy and biosynthetic requirements of rapid growth, cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming. In this setting, nutrition exerts a crucial influence on nutrients availability and increasing evidence highlights the significant role of nutrition in the prevention, development, and management of cancer. Dietary patterns and nutrient intake can influence cancer risk through various biological mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, immune modulation, and hormonal regulation. Diets high in processed foods, red meats, saturated fats and added sugars, have been associated with an increased risk of several cancers. Such diets may contribute to chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and obesity-conditions known as major risk factors for cancer. Obesity itself is considered a significant contributor to cancer incidence and mortality, linking excess body fat to hormonal imbalances and altered metabolic pathways. Conversely, balanced diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, healthy fats and low refined carbohydrates, provide essential vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemicals that have protective properties. These components can help the scavenging of free radicals, reduce DNA damage, and regulate cell growth, potentially lowering the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Nutritional needs in patients with cancer become complex, because of changes in metabolism and tolerance, frequently associated with cancer progression and treatment. Personalized nutritional support can help maintain body weight, preserve muscle mass, and improve treatment tolerance, potentially enhancing overall performance status and survival. While nutrition is not a cure for cancer, it is an essential component of an integrative approach to prevention and care. Further research is necessary to explore how diet can be optimized to support long-term health, reduce recurrence, and improve outcomes in cancer.