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First report of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection in human from South Karnataka, India: A case study

Mallikarjun Koppad1, Santhosh Kogaluru Shivakumaraswamy1, Puneeth Thaduru Goolappa1

  • 1Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), Department of Microbiology, Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

Journal of Virological Methods
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

This study confirms the first laboratory-confirmed human Zika virus infection in Shivamogga, South Karnataka. The patient, presenting with hemorrhagic fever and no travel history, tested positive for Zika virus RNA and antibodies, belonging to the Asian lineage.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, can cause severe neurological conditions like Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly.
  • India has reported Zika virus cases across multiple states since 2016.
  • A suspected arboviral infection in Shivamogga in June 2024 was identified as Zika virus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first laboratory-confirmed human case of Zika virus infection in Shivamogga, South Karnataka.
  • To characterize the identified Zika virus strain through phylogenetic analysis.
  • To highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and source investigation.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for Zika virus RNA detection.
  • Nucleotide sequencing of the partial envelope (E) gene for confirmation and phylogenetic analysis.
  • Detection of anti-Zika IgM antibody in serum samples.

Main Results:

  • Zika virus RNA (CT value- 27) was detected in the patient's serum sample.
  • Sequencing confirmed the presence of Zika virus, and phylogenetic analysis placed it within the Asian lineage, homogenous to previous Indian strains.
  • The patient later tested positive for anti-Zika IgM antibody.

Conclusions:

  • This marks the first laboratory-confirmed human Zika virus case in Shivamogga, South Karnataka.
  • Phylogenetic analysis and antibody detection corroborated the diagnosis.
  • Further research into the infection source and community-based surveillance are crucial for early detection and control.

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