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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Selected Data About Geographic Locations01:25

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) rely on two core types of data: spatial data and attribute data.Spatial DataSpatial data defines the physical location of features within a coordinate system, typically expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. It provides precise positioning for elements like roads, rivers, or buildings.Attribute DataAttribute data complements spatial data by adding descriptive information about these features. For example, a road's spatial data includes its start and...
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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived-retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into a Large-eyed Model of Geographic Atrophy
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Linking the microbiome to the complement system in geographic atrophy.

Livia Spörri1, Justyna M Studer1, Marco Kreuzer2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

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Geographic atrophy (GA) patients show gut microbiome (GM) differences linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. No changes were found in the ocular surface microbiome (OSM), suggesting GM alterations may impact GA progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), particularly geographic atrophy (GA), is a major cause of vision loss in older adults.
  • Risk factors include genetics, nutrition, and gut microbiome (GM) alterations.
  • The relationship between GM, ocular surface microbiome (OSM), and GA pathophysiology requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the GM and OSM of GA patients with healthy controls.
  • To identify taxonomic and functional microbiome differences associated with GA.
  • To correlate genetic risk factors with microbiome alterations in GA.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing was used to analyze GM and OSM.
  • 16 AMD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped.
  • TaqMan assays and Sanger sequencing were employed for genetic analysis.

Main Results:

  • GA patients exhibited distinct GM compositions and altered metabolic pathways (e.g., inosine 5'-phosphate degradation, NAD salvage, ketogenesis).
  • No significant alterations were observed in the OSM of GA patients.
  • SNP rs1061170 in the complement factor H gene was associated with GA.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbiome alterations, but not OSM changes, are associated with geographic atrophy.
  • Microbial dysbiosis may contribute to GA pathogenesis via inflammation and oxidative stress.
  • Genetic factors, like complement factor H variants, play a role in GA development.