Sleep deprivation and memory: A neurobiological perspective

Memory consolidation and the preservation of cognitive function are fundamentally influenced by sleep. Lack of sleep affects synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, as well as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, all of which impair memory accuracy, cognitive flexibility, and attention. The behavioural repercussions include decreased learning ability, attentional problems, emotional dysregulation, and heightened vulnerability to false memories. This review examines the neurobiological impact of sleep deprivation on memory and cognition, emphasising how the brain systems performing these functions are disrupted by insufficient sleep. The distinct sleep stages that are in support of declarative, procedural, and emotional memory, drawing on contemporary concepts such as the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis and the active system consolidation theory, were emphasised. We highlighted how sleep deprivation can affect important areas, especially the hippocampus, and cause problems with neurotransmitter systems and immune regulation. Preventative and therapeutic approaches, such as pharmacological supports, behavioural interventions, and the cognitive advantages of recovery sleep and naps, were also enumerated. These insights on how sleep and memory interact are vital for enhancing learning outcomes, mental health, and long-term brain resilience.