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Residual Stresses

Residual Stresses

Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...

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Is Growing Rod Retention an Option? Outcomes After Magnetically Controlled Growing Rod "Graduation".

Zaid Elsabbagh¹, Ahmed Sulieman¹, Ysa Le¹

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

|February 3, 2026

Summary

Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) for early-onset scoliosis (EOS) showed promising short-term outcomes with implant retention in select high-risk patients. However, fusion remains the standard, and long-term risks of retention require further investigation.

Keywords:

complications early-onset scoliosis implant removal implant retention magnetically controlled growing rods posterior spinal fusion

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Area of Science:

Spinal surgery
Pediatric orthopedics
Scoliosis management

Background:

Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) offer noninvasive spinal distraction for early-onset scoliosis (EOS) until skeletal maturity.
The frequency of MCGR expansions may influence autofusion rates compared to traditional growing rods.
Long-term safety and efficacy of retaining MCGRs without fusion are not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare complications, patient-reported outcomes, and radiographic measures in EOS patients treated with MCGRs.
To evaluate outcomes based on definitive management: fusion, implant retention, or implant removal.
To assess the long-term viability of MCGRs in EOS treatment.

Main Methods:

Multicenter retrospective cohort study of 240 EOS patients with MCGRs and ≥2-year follow-up post-definitive management.
Patients categorized into fusion (n=225), implant retention (n=12), or implant removal (n=3) groups.
Analysis included demographics, radiographic parameters, EOSQ-24 scores, and complication rates.

Main Results:

Two years post-treatment, Cobb angle improved with fusion, remained stable with retention, and worsened with removal.
At 5 years, some patients with retained implants maintained Cobb angle and spinal height.
EOSQ-24 scores were similar across groups, though fusion group showed better pulmonary function; chronic pain was highest in the removal group.

Conclusions:

MCGR implant retention may be a viable option for select high-risk EOS patients unsuitable for fusion.
While short-term retention outcomes are encouraging, it should be considered an exception.
Further research is necessary to understand the long-term risks associated with MCGR retention.