Modification Strategies of Carbon-Based Electrodes From Structural Regulation to Multifunctional Integration

Carbon-based electrodes have garnered significant attention in the field of energy storage and conversion due to their excellent electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and tunable structural characteristics. This article summarizes the modification strategies of carbon-based electrodes, starting with structural regulation. It explores the impact of microstructural design, such as element doping, surface functionalization, structural optimization, and design of carbon-based composite electrodes on electrode performance. Additionally, it focuses on multifunctional integration, discussing how to integrate multiple functions, including electrical conductivity, electrochemical activity, mechanical stability, and fast charge/discharge capability, into a single carbon-based electrode system. By employing material compositing, surface modification, and nanostructural design, performance breakthroughs of carbon-based electrodes have been achieved in the fields of lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis. Finally, it summarizes the challenges and opportunities of current modification strategies and provides an outlook for future development directions, offering theoretical support and practical guidance for the high-performance optimization of carbon-based electrodes.