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Related Concept Videos

Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
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Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

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Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
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Gas Chromatography: Sample Injection Systems01:08

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In gas chromatography, the sample is introduced as a vapor plug into the carrier gas stream for high efficiency and resolution. A microsyringe injects the sample solution into a heated sample port, vaporizing it and mixing it with the carrier gas. This process is important to ensure the sample is properly prepared for analysis. Thermally sensitive samples can be injected directly into the column and volatilized by slowly increasing the column temperature.
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Active Filters01:25

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Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection00:59

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection

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In pharmacokinetics, the elimination rate of a drug following a capacity-limited model is primarily controlled by two parameters: Vmax and KM. These parameters are crucial in how the drug behaves inside the body after administration.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Visualization and Quantification of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues in Mice using [18F]FDG Micro-PET/MR Imaging
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Failure of 18F-florbetapir Amyloid PET Imaging after Injection With an Automated Injector Using an Air-vent Filter

Yohji Matsusaka1, Kaima Suzuki2, Akira Seto1

  • 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.

Clinical Nuclear Medicine
|February 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A mixed cellulose ester filter trapped 18F-florbetapir radioactivity, preventing Alzheimer disease imaging. Using alternative filters enabled successful PET scans, highlighting filter compatibility for accurate amyloid PET imaging.

Keywords:
automated injectorfailurefilter adsorptionpositron emission tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Radiochemistry
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Alzheimer Disease Diagnostics

Background:

  • 18F-florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) is crucial for diagnosing Alzheimer disease.
  • Accurate amyloid PET imaging is essential for assessing eligibility for disease-modifying therapies.
  • Filter compatibility in automated injectors is critical for radiotracer delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cause of failed 18F-florbetapir PET imaging in a patient with cognitive impairment.
  • To identify the specific component responsible for radiotracer retention during injection.
  • To provide recommendations for optimal radiotracer administration protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Patient presented for 18F-florbetapir PET imaging for Alzheimer disease assessment.
  • Initial PET scan showed minimal brain uptake; radioactivity was retained in an automated injector's air-vent filter.
  • Subsequent injections using alternative filters (non-mixed cellulose ester) resulted in successful PET imaging.

Main Results:

  • The air-vent filter, composed of mixed cellulose ester, trapped nearly all 18F-florbetapir radioactivity.
  • This retention led to inadequate radiotracer delivery to the brain, causing diagnostic failure.
  • Alternative filters demonstrated no significant radiotracer retention, allowing for successful imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Mixed cellulose ester filters are incompatible with 18F-florbetapir and should not be used for injection.
  • Filter selection is critical to ensure accurate radiotracer delivery for amyloid PET imaging.
  • This finding impacts Alzheimer disease diagnostic procedures and clinical trial eligibility assessments.