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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Spectrometry

Background:

  • Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and its imaging variant (MALDI-MSI) are essential for analyzing biomolecules in biological samples.
  • The choice of matrix significantly impacts MALDI-MS/MSI performance, affecting ionization efficiency, sensitivity, and salt tolerance.
  • While 467 matrices have been developed, widespread adoption is limited, suggesting underutilized potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of MALDI matrices developed over four decades (1985-present).
  • To systematically classify matrices based on their features and applications.
  • To identify future research directions for optimizing matrix utilization in MALDI-MS and MALDI-MSI.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of literature on MALDI matrices from 1985 to the present.
  • Classification of MALDI matrices based on chemical properties and functional characteristics.
  • Analysis of recent applications in various omics fields and quantitative analysis.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of MALDI-MS principles and matrix functions.
  • Systematic classification of 467 discovered matrices.
  • Spotlight on current applications in proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, glycomics, nucleic acid analysis, and quantitative analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The limited utilization of developed MALDI matrices signifies a substantial opportunity for innovation.
  • Further research into matrix properties and applications can enhance MALDI-MS/MSI capabilities.
  • Optimizing matrix selection and development is key to unlocking the full potential of these analytical techniques.