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MALDI Matrix: Origins, Innovations, and Frontiers.
1College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, #35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing 100083, China.
Chemical Reviews
|February 3, 2026
Summary
This review explores matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) matrices, highlighting their crucial role in biomolecule analysis. Despite many discovered matrices, few are widely used, indicating significant untapped potential for improved sensitivity and detection.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Biochemistry
- Spectrometry
Background:
- Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and its imaging variant (MALDI-MSI) are essential for analyzing biomolecules in biological samples.
- The choice of matrix significantly impacts MALDI-MS/MSI performance, affecting ionization efficiency, sensitivity, and salt tolerance.
- While 467 matrices have been developed, widespread adoption is limited, suggesting underutilized potential.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of MALDI matrices developed over four decades (1985-present).
- To systematically classify matrices based on their features and applications.
- To identify future research directions for optimizing matrix utilization in MALDI-MS and MALDI-MSI.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of literature on MALDI matrices from 1985 to the present.
- Classification of MALDI matrices based on chemical properties and functional characteristics.
- Analysis of recent applications in various omics fields and quantitative analysis.
Main Results:
- Detailed overview of MALDI-MS principles and matrix functions.
- Systematic classification of 467 discovered matrices.
- Spotlight on current applications in proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, glycomics, nucleic acid analysis, and quantitative analysis.
Conclusions:
- The limited utilization of developed MALDI matrices signifies a substantial opportunity for innovation.
- Further research into matrix properties and applications can enhance MALDI-MS/MSI capabilities.
- Optimizing matrix selection and development is key to unlocking the full potential of these analytical techniques.
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