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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

36.2K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
36.2K
Entropy01:18

Entropy

3.6K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.6K
Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

24.9K
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
24.9K
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

38.2K
Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
38.2K
What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

127.9K
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an...
127.9K
Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

42.8K
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
42.8K

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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Correlating the Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Complex Multi-Element High Entropy Oxides.

Justin Fang1, Marie F Millares2,3, Zachary R Mansley4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, New York 11794-3400, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates a practical solution-based synthesis for 9-element high entropy oxide nanoparticles. Researchers explored conditions influencing single-phase spinel structure and electrochemical properties.

Keywords:
batteryelectrochemistryhigh entropy oxidenanoparticlessynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid State Chemistry

Background:

  • High-entropy materials, including alloys and oxides, are gaining attention for their complex structures and tunable properties.
  • Previous research on high entropy oxides often focused on five-cation systems synthesized via solid-state methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solution-based synthesis of 9-element high entropy oxide nanoparticles.
  • To explore reaction parameters affecting the single-phase spinel structure stability.
  • To correlate microstructure and electrochemical properties with synthesis conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Solution-based synthesis of 9-element high entropy oxide nanoparticles (Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Ti, Zn).
  • Systematic variation of solvent, surfactant, heating method, and cation composition.
  • Characterization using High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM).
  • Evaluation of electrochemical properties.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized 9-element high entropy oxide nanoparticles using a solution-based approach.
  • Identified key reaction conditions (solvent, surfactant, heating, cation composition) influencing the single-phase spinel structure.
  • Demonstrated reliable reproduction of single-phase spinel compositions with diverse cations.
  • Correlated microstructure and electrochemical performance with synthesis parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Solution-based synthesis is a viable method for producing complex high entropy oxide nanoparticles.
  • Control over synthesis parameters enables the stabilization of the single-phase spinel structure.
  • This approach offers a pathway to engineer functional high entropy oxide materials with tunable properties.