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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups01:14

Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups

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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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Directional Terms01:14

Directional Terms

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Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another, or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. These terms often use comparative terms in pairs to trace out the relative locations of one body part to another or descriptions of body tissues like the deeper ones from superficially present with reference to...
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

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The Direct Piezoelectric Effect in Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Allison M Stettler1, Sheryl S Blanchard1, Gary A Baker2

  • 1Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) exhibit a direct piezoelectric response, similar to ionic liquids. This finding suggests DESs can be engineered for tunable piezoelectric applications by adjusting their components.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • The piezoelectric effect, generating electricity from mechanical stress, is known in some liquid materials.
  • Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) show piezoelectricity due to pressure-induced phase transitions.
  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of materials with tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct piezoelectric response in four specific DESs.
  • To determine the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) for these DESs.
  • To compare the piezoelectric behavior of DESs with that of RTILs.

Main Methods:

  • Direct measurement of electrical current generated under applied force.
  • Characterization of four DESs: choline chloride:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG), choline chloride:glycerol (ChCl:Gly), choline chloride:1,3-propanediol (ChCl:PD), and choline chloride:urea (ChCl:urea).
  • Analysis of the force-current relationship to determine the piezoelectric coefficient (d33).

Main Results:

  • All four investigated DESs demonstrated a direct piezoelectric response.
  • A linear relationship was observed between applied force and generated current.
  • The piezoelectric coefficient (d33) values for the DESs were comparable to those of RTILs.

Conclusions:

  • The piezoelectric effect is a general phenomenon observed in DESs, not limited to RTILs.
  • DESs offer potential for tunable piezoelectric applications.
  • The choice and ratio of DES constituents can influence the piezoelectric response.