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Related Concept Videos

Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

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An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

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Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Millisecond Hydrogen/Deuterium-Exchange Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Alpha-Synuclein Structural Dynamics Under Physiological Conditions
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The alpha rhythm: from physiology to behavior.

Ole Jensen1,2, Mathilde Bonnefond3

  • 1Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Physiological Reviews
|February 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alpha oscillations, a brainwave pattern, are not just for rest but actively support cognitive tasks by inhibiting irrelevant brain areas. Understanding alpha rhythm modulation offers insights into attention deficits and aging.

Keywords:
EEGMEGoscillationssynchronizationwave

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • The alpha rhythm is a key electrophysiological signature of the awake human brain.
  • Historically viewed as a sign of rest, recent research shows alpha oscillations increase with cognitive demands.
  • This shift redefines alpha's role from idling to active cognitive processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological mechanisms generating alpha oscillations.
  • To explore how alpha oscillations are modulated across cognitive tasks.
  • To investigate the link between alpha rhythm dysfunction and attention-related disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of physiological mechanisms and computational models of alpha rhythm generation.
  • Analysis of behavioral studies demonstrating alpha oscillation modulation in cognitive paradigms.
  • Examination of research on attention-related issues and alpha oscillation impairment.

Main Results:

  • Alpha oscillations actively inhibit task-irrelevant brain regions, optimizing resource allocation.
  • Alpha rhythm modulation is a consistent feature across diverse human cognitive tasks.
  • Impaired alpha oscillation modulation is linked to performance deficits in attention-related disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Alpha oscillations play a crucial role in cognitive function by regulating brain activity.
  • Studying alpha rhythms can elucidate mechanisms behind attention problems like ADHD and aging.
  • Technological advances enable new research into alpha oscillations in naturalistic settings and across the lifespan.