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The visibility effect: Female residents as catalysts for gender diversity in surgery
1University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, USA.
Background:
Since 2019, women comprise the majority of incoming U.S. medical students yet remain underrepresented in surgical specialties.
Methods:
This study analyzed gender representation among applicants and residents in General Surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedics, Otolaryngology, Plastic Surgery, and Urology from 2019 to 2024. Applicant data was sourced from ERAS and resident data from the ACGME Data Resource Book.
Results:
Across all subspecialties, a strong, statistically significant correlation was found between the percentage of female residents and applicants (R = 0.943, p < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis revealed the strongest and most significant association in Urology (R = 1.0, p < 0.0001), followed by General Surgery (R = 0.944, p = 0.016). Other specialties showed varying strengths of correlation, with significance differing by field.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that programs with more female residents may attract more female applicants, emphasizing the role of gender in mentorship and visibility. Enhancing female representation may support greater equity in surgical training and contribute to a more inclusive surgical workforce.
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